Journal of Chemistry and Technologies

REGIOSELECTIVITY OF HALO- AND CHALCOGEN-INDUCED CYCLIZATION OF DIALLYLQUINAZOLIN-4-ONE

Diana Yu. Kulya — 2025-01-23

Objective. There is significant interest among medicinal chemists in compounds containing the quinazoline fragment due to their broad spectrum of biological activity and the need to develop new synthetic methods for these systems. Special attention is given to alkenyl and alkynyl derivatives of quinazolines, which serve as convenient models for studying electrophilic heterocyclization reactions. This study examines the effect of the electrophilic reagent’s nature on the regiochemistry of electrophilic intramolecular heterocyclization of 3-allyl-2-allylthioquinazolin-4-one. Methods. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Results. Experimental data indicate that the interaction of 3-allyl-2-allylthioquinazolin-4-one with hybrid halogen (iodine bromide) and the tetrahalides of selenium and tellurium leads to the regioselective formation of angular monohalides of 4-allyl-5-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydrothiazolo[3,2-a]quinazolinium. It was noted that an excess of the electrophilic reagent does not affect the direction of halo- and chalcogen-induced heterocyclization. The interaction of 4-allyl-1-(iodomethyl)-5-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydrothiazolo[3,2-a]quinazolin-10-ium bromide with potassium iodide and sodium perchlorate yielded the corresponding thiazolo[3,2-a]quinazolinium salts, confirming the stability of the organic cation in ion exchange reactions. Conclusions. This study investigated the regioselectivity of the electrophilic heteroannulation reaction of 3-allyl-2-allylthioquinazolin-4-one under the influence of halo- and chalcogen-containing electrophiles, resulting in monohalide salts of tetrahydrothiazolo[3,2-a]quinazolin-10-ium containing an allyl fragment at the 4-position of the thiazoloquinazoline.

STUDY OF THE INTERACTION AT THE POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE – CARBON FIBRE PHASE BOUNDARY

Serhii V. Kalinichenko — 2025-01-23

Aim. To investigate the chemical and physical interaction between the fluoropolymer matrix and the high-modulus Toray T700H carbon fibre to evaluate the functional characteristics of carbon plastics. Methods. We prepared carbon plastics based on polychlorotrifluoroethylene containing 5–20 wt.% Toray T700H carbon fibre by dry mixing them in an apparatus with a rotating electromagnetic field with the help of ferromagnetic particles. They were extracted later using the method of magnetic separation. We analysed the IR spectra using a Nicolet 380 (IR spectrometer from Thermo Electron Corporation, the USA). Results. We compared the spectra of powdered polychlorotrifluoroethylene and its finished product. Therefore, we determined changes in the chemical composition and molecular structure of the polymer during processing into products. The investigation shows that the carbon fibre of the studied brand exhibits low reactivity. We identified and analysed the results of IR-spectral studies of carbon plastics. Conclusions. We established the interaction between the fluoropolymer matrix and the carbon fibre. It manifests itself through the interaction between the double bonds of the terminal active groups and the oxygen-containing groups of polychlorotrifluoroethylenewith the Toray T700H carbon fibre. We can observe the strongest intercomponent interaction for the carbon fibre with a fibre content of 15–20 wt.%.

STUDY ON PARTICIPATION OF CAMELINA SATIVA SEEDCAKE EXTRACT COMPONENTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CERIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES

Tetiana V. Fesenko — 2025-01-23

Aim. To evaluate the possibility of using the extract from Camelina sativa seedcake for the green synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs), to investigate the composition of this extract, to elucidate which components participate in the formation of CeO₂-NPs, to characterize the CeO₂-NPs obtained. Methods. High-performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry were used to identify the components of Camelina sativa seedcake extract and of the reaction mixture after removal of CeO₂-NPs. X-ray diffraction, thermal desorption of argon, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering were used to characterize the CeO₂-NPs obtained. Results. The main components of the extract are phenolic acids and/or their derivatives (ferulic acid, hydroxycavic acid, sinapin), flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, quercetin-2-O-apiosyl-3-O-rutinoside), glucosinolates (glucoarabin, glucocamelinin, gluconesliapaniculatin), unsaturated fatty acids and their esters. The majority of phenolic acids and flavonoids as well as some portion of glucosinolates participate in the formation of nanoparticles. The obtained CeO₂-NPs have a cubic crystalline structure with an average crystallite size of 23 nm, while the largest percentage of nanoparticles has a diameter of 30÷50 nm. Conclusions. The possibility of using the extract from Camelina sativa seedcake for the green synthesis of CeO₂-NPs is shown and the main components of the extract were identified. The majority of identified components of the extract participate in the formation of CeO₂-NPs. The obtained CeO₂-NPs are crystalline and their size allows them to be used in various biomedical applications.

ELECTROCHEMICAL ALLOYS BASED ON IRON FAMILY METALS: THE EFFECT OF ELECTROLYSIS CONDITIONS

Tatiana O. Nenastina — 2025-01-23

One of the main tasks of process chemists and material scientists is to create polyfunctional materials with a high level of specified properties. Controlling the structure and composition by varying the electrolysis parameters allows us to produce coatings with unique characteristics. Cobalt coatings have high hardness, corrosion resistance, reflectivity and magnetic properties. The additional inclusion of refractory components in the composition of coatings is one of the most promising ways to control their functional properties, and hence the scope of application, due to the unique physicochemical and physicomechanical properties of such alloys. The process of forming ternary Co-Ni-Zr alloys in the pulse mode from a citrate electrolyte on a copper substrate has been investigated. The effect of stirring, electrolyte pH and current density on the composition, surface morphology and current efficiency of ternary cobalt electrolytic alloys was studied. The resulting coatings are characterised by a uniform surface without cracks. The use of the pulse mode with the ratio of pulse duration 1×10^-3–20×10^-3 s and pause duration 2×10^-3–20×10^-3 s and the amplitude of cathodic current density 1–10 A/dm² makes it possible to obtain cobalt-based alloys with zirconium content up to 2 wt. %. It was found that an increase in the acidity of the electrolyte solution does not favourably affect the current efficiency, and the dependence of the zirconium content is extreme. The modes of electrosynthesis of coatings with cobalt-nickel-zirconium alloys with a given level of surface development are substantiated.

POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ZYPROSIDONE BASED ON ITS ION ASSOCIATE WITH EOSIN

Zholt O. Kormosh — 2025-01-23

The energy efficiency of the formation of the ionic associate (IA) of zyprosidone with eosin was substantiated by the quantum chemical method. It is shown that the difference between the energy of formation of IA and the sum of the energy of formation of its components is equal to 110.2 kJ/mol. Therefore, the process of its formation is thermodynamically advantageous. The formation conditions were substantiated and IA was synthesized, which was used as an electroactive substance to create a ziprosidone selective sensor. For membranes plasticized with phthalates, the steepness of the electrode function is closer to the theoretical value for singly charged ions with the content of the plasticizer in the membrane with the lowest dielectric constant – dinonyl phthalate (DNР). As the dielectric constant of the plasticizer in the membrane increases, the angular coefficient of the electrode function of the sensor decreases. To characterize the plasticizers, the product of the dielectric constant of the solvent and the Rorschneider polarity (ε × PR) is proposed. The dependence of the slope of the sensor electrode function on this parameter is observed not only within the homologous series of phthalic acid esters, but also of other plasticizers, in particular, tricresyl phosphate (TCF). Moreover, solvents with a lower value of this parameter - TСР and DNР – turned out to be more effective. For the best sensor, the operating pH range is observed in the range from 3.5 to 5.5, the slope of the electrode function is 58.2 mV/рС. The linearity of the electrode function and the lower limit of detection are 5·10^-5–1·10^-3 and 5·10^-5 mol/l Zypr, respectively. The electrode potential is established in 10–12 s and is stable for at least six weeks. The technique of potentiometric determination of zyprosidone in medicinal forms has been developed.

HALOGENOCYCLIZATION OF TERMINAL 2-BUTYNYL(PENTYNYL)THIOQUINOLINE-3-CARBALDEHYDE

Tiberii Sh. Sabo — 2025-01-23

Polycondensed functional quinoline derivatives exhibit various biological activities. Annulating of nitrogen-containing heterocycles to 3-functionalized quinoline expands the possibilities for discovering bioactive compounds. The electrophilic cyclization of alkylunsaturated thioderivatives of quinoline, under the action of halogen-containing electrophiles, creates prerequisites for the synthesis of polycondensed heterocycles based on quinoline. This study investigates the regio- and stereochemistry of the process of electrophilic intramolecular cyclization of terminal 2-butynyl(pentynyl)thioquinoline-3-carbaldehyde under the influence of molecular and hybrid halogens. For the first time, long-chain alkynyl thioethers of quinoline-3-carbaldehyde were synthesized, which effectively underwent electrophilic heterocyclization reactions under the action of molecular and hybrid halogens. The type of ring fused to quinoline depends on the length of the alkynyl substituent and is independent of the nature of the halogenating agent. It was determined that when bromine acts on alkynyl thioethers of quinoline, bromine-induced heterocyclization occurs, and when iodine, iodine bromide, or iodine chloride act, iodine-induced halogenoheterocyclization occurs. The cyclization process is stereoselective, forming 1-halomethylidene-4-formyl-1,2-dihydro[1,3]thiazino[3,2-a]quinolinium and 1-halomethylidene-6-formyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro[1,3]thiazepino-[3,2-a]quinolinium mono- and trihalides with E-configuration.

ELECTROREDUCTION OF COBALT (II) AQUA COMPLEXES IN THE PRESENCE OF ACRYLIC ACID

Larissa V. Borshchevych — 2025-01-23

Тhe material presented in this article is a logical continuation of the study of the peculiarities of the electroreduction process of complex compounds of 3d-metals. One of the 3d-metals that has recently been widely used in engineering is cobalt. Cobalt coatings have unique physical, mechanical and physico-chemical properties. They are produced from electrolytes of various compositions. Buffer mixtures are widely used to improve the quality of cobalt coatings. This is due to the fact that hydrogen is released duri ng the electroreduction reaction of cobalt cations. In this work, the kinetics of the electroreduction of Co²⁺ aqua complexes from perchlorate solutions was investigated. The results of chronovoltaic measurements were analysed in conjunction with quantum chemical modelling of the possible mechanisms of the cathodic process. It is shown that at potentials below -1.0 V relative to the chloride-silver reference electrode, the reaction [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ + 2ē = Co +6H₂O is not only accompanied by the reaction 2H₂O + 2ē = 2OH^- + H₂. There is also a more electropositive process of hydrogen release due to the electroreduction of intraspherical water molecules polarised by the central atom: [Co(H₂O)₆]²⁺ + ē = [Co(OH)(H₂O)₅]⁺ + ½H₂. Acrylic acid has been successfully used to suppress this type of reaction during nickel electroplating. It was of interest to investigate the effect of acrylic acid on the cathodic water reduction processes in cobalt electrolytes. To this end, appropriate kinetic measurements were carried out. Quantum chemical calculations have shown that all possible stages of the electroreduction process of cobalt acrylate complexes are accompanied by a decrease in energy and are therefore energetically most favourable. Based on the results obtained, it is proposed to use monosubstituted acrylate complexes instead of homogeneous cobalt aqua complexes to inhibit even a slight hydroxide formation. Shiny homogeneous metallic cobalt films were obtained from acrylate electrolytes in the range of operating current densities from 2 to 8 mA/cm².

VISIBLE LIGHT ACTIVE FLUORITE-TYPE NANOCOMPOSITES FORMED IN THE CeO2-La2O3-Dy2O3 SYSTEM

Maksym M. Zahornyi — 2025-01-23

Fluorite-type nanocomposite materials with a content of 95–60 mol.% CeO₂, 10–20 mol.% La₂O₃, and 5–20 mol.% Dy₂O₃ were obtained by the chemical co-precipitation method using REЕ (rare earth elements) nitrate solutions. The primary particle size (coherent scattering region) increased from 11.3 to 26.5 nm when the calcination temperature increased from 600 to 800 °C. The highest photocatalytic activity in the destruction of Malachite green dye under the influence of visible light was shown by the sample with the composition of CeO₂ (80 mol.%) - La₂O₃ (10 mol.%) - Dy₂O₃ (10 mol.%), thermally treated at 600 °C for 5 hours. The results of the experimental study showed that at the initial concentration of the Malachite green (MG) solution of 20 mg/dm³ under the influence of visible light for 1 hour, its residual concentration was only 0.45 mg/dm³, and the degree of decolorization of the solution reached 98 %. It is assumed that nanocomposites based on a CeO₂-La₂O₃-Dy₂O₃ solid solution with a fluorite-type structure can be used to create effective photocatalysts designed for the destruction of cationic dyes in an aqueous medium.

THEORETICAL STUDY OF THERMAL CURTIUS REARRANGEMENT MECHANISM FOR SOME ARYL- AS WELL AS HETARYLACYL AZIDES WITH PREDICTION OF THE FOLLOWING CYCLOTRIMERIZATION PROGRESS

Andrey V. Tokar — 2025-01-23

With the aid of ab initio density functional method in the non-empirical generalized gradient approximation on the example of syn-conformers of aryl- as well as hetarylacyl azides, which turned out to be thermodynamically more stable than the corresponding anti-analogues, some areas of the potential energy surfaces have been investigated for the thermal Curtius rearrangement, which occures according to a concerted mechanism and includes the cleavage of a nitrogen molecule under the simultaneous migration of an aromatic fragment with the corresponding isocyanate formation in vacuo as well as in bulk of benzene solution. The analysis of the calculated values of activation barriers showed that the introduction of a pyridine-type Nitrogen atom into the meta- and para-positions of the benzene ring practically does not affect on the E_ACT absolute values, while in the ortho-position such a modification of the substrate leads to only a slight decrease of it, especially in comparison with unsubstituted prototype. As for the non-catalytic cyclotrimerization processes, that can take place with the participation of obtained in the previous stage isocyanates, the only transition state corresponding to the concerted mechanism of this transformation has not been localized at all on the potential energy surface. Instead of the process takes place as stepwise and includes the sequential addition of an aryl isocyanate molecule to the dimer formed at the previous stage with the expansion of a four-membered ring to a six-membered one. The results of calculations are in good agreement with theoretical data, which have been obtained for such type modeling previously and indicating the low sensitivity of the reaction to the solvation effects of medium.

ALKYLTHIOBENZOTHIAZOLES DECORATED WITH 1,2,3-TRIAZOLE

Olha V. Haleha — 2025-01-23

Triazole and its hybrid derivatives exhibit a range of biological activities, that is why the synthesis of hybrid heterocycles that contain triazole and benzothiazole rings is relevant. The aim of the current study is the investigation of the use of terminal butynyl and pentynyl thioethers of benzothiazole in the copper catalytic reaction of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides. 2-(but-1-yn-4-ylthio)- and 2-(pent-1-yn-5-ylthio)-benzothiazoles were synthesized for the first time in high yields via alkylation of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with terminal butynyl and pentynyl bromides. Long-chain alkynyl thioethers of benzothiazole were used in copper catalytic reactions of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with aromatic and aliphatic azides. Based on experimental data, it was established that when using butynyl thioether in the reaction with phenylazide, the most effective solvent was a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water. While the cycloaddition of pentynyl thioether with phenyl and benzyl azides was carried out in a dimethylformamide-water mixture. As a result, the new hybrid 1,2,3-triazolylthiobenzothiazoles, which can potentially exhibit high bioactivity, were synthesized in high yields and separated by two or three methylene spacers.

CRYSTAL GROWTH AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES ANIZOTROPY OF α-NiSO4×6H2O

Mykhailo J. Filep — 2025-01-23

α-NiSO₄×6H₂O single crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, differential thermal analysis, UV-Vis–NIR, FTIR, and atomic absorption spectroscopy methods. Combination of differential thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy indicates a purity and phase homogeneity of grown α-NiSO₄×6H₂O crystal. The crystal structures of α-NiSO₄×6H₂O was refinement by Rietveld method. The calculated lattice parameters are: a = 6.8000 Å, c = 18.3161 Å, Z=4, space group P4₁2₁2. Four plane-parallel plates with different orientation were prepared. The orientation of the obtained plane-parallel plates was determined by XRD and are as follows: (301), (001), (320) and (204). The optical characteristics – transmittance and optical energy gap of the crystal plates were determined. All the crystal plates are characterized by higher transmittance values in the UVB range than in the VIS and NIR. The transmittance of single crystal plates decreases in the order (204) > (301) > (320) > (001). The band gap E_g values were determined by Tauc equation. Obtained E_g are in the range of 6.43–6.47 eV.

ACID-BASE PROPERTIES AND AFFINITY TO DNA OF INDENOQUINOXALINECARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES

Kyrylo D. Sazonov — 2025-01-23

Three amide derivatives were synthesized on the basis of 11-oxoindeno[1,2-b]quinoxaline-6-carboxylic acid and amines. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by the methods of chromatography-mass spectrometry and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Their ionization constants were determined by spectrophotometry. The intercalation of the obtained compounds into DNA was proved by two independent methods - competition with ethidium bromide and spectrophotometrically. Quantitatively, the affinity of the studied compounds to DNA was determined by the method of competition with ethidium bromide, and the association constants of this interaction were calculated. N-(2,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl)-11-oxoindeno[2,1-b]quinoxaline-6-carboxamide was able to suppress the fluorescence of intercalated EB at concentrations close to the concentration of EB in the experiment, but at concentrations ten times higher all compounds significantly reduced the fluorescence intensity of EB. According to the results of the experiments, it was confirmed that the studied compounds are high-affinity DNA ligands, which allows them to be considered as APIs with antiviral and cytotoxic activity.

INCREASING THE ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF NICKEL-BASED ELECTRODE MATERIALS BY CORROSION TREATMENT

Andrii S. Zabaluiev — 2025-01-23

Recent studies have extensively explored the catalytic properties and synthesis of chalcogenide materials, with a particular focus on sulfides of iron-group metals. Of particular interest are nickel sulfides, in particular those that correspond in stoichiometry to natural millerite and hizlewudite. These chalcogenide compounds have garnered significant attention due to their high electrical conductivity, comparable to pure nickel, and their remarkable catalytic performance in oxygen electroreduction. Cyclic voltammetry measurements reveal that prolonging the corrosion treatment of bright sulfur-containing nickel coatings in concentrated acetic acid increases the sulfur content on the surface, leading to enhanced current densities in the cyclic voltammetry curves. Similarly, the elevated current densities observed for sulfur-free nickel coatings are linked to prolonged exposure in a saturated sodium sulfide solution. Regardless of the processing method, the presence of nickel sulfides or adsorbed sulfur enhances the electrochemical activity of the electrode material. Thus it has been shown, for the first time, that in both cases, during corrosion treatment of bright nickel deposits and during adsorption treatment of matte nickel in a sodium sulfide solution, stabilization of the cathodic current density value occurs after 24 hours of both types of treatment. Accordingly, the cathodic current density, in this case, is a parameter that determines the overall electrochemical activity of the studied materials. It has been shown that the formed during corrosion treatment nickel sulfides is the most stable and effective for the electroreduction of oxygen in a low alkaline medium.

EFFECT OF SYNTHESIS TIME ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF MONODISPERSE SILICA MICROSPHERES

Viktoriia Yu. Tobilko — 2025-01-23

Silica (SiO₂) microspheres can be used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food, coating and other technological applications. Consequently, the task is to search for optimal parameters for easy synthesis of monodisperse silica microspheres with controlled structural and physicochemical characteristics. The aim was to study the effect of synthesis time on the formation of silica microspheres for control of their surface morphological properties. The synthesis was conducted by alkaline hydrolysis in an aqueous/alcohol solution using structure-directing agents, namely cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal), in conjunction with an inorganic precursor, namely tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). The synthesis time varied from 1.5 to 5 hours. The following methods were used to study the synthesised silica microspheres: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and low-temperature N₂ adsorption/desorption method. As a result were synthesized silica spheres with a consistent diameter of approximately 200 nm and mesoporous structure, regardless of synthesis duration. However, the thickness of the nanosheets forming the sphere structure increased from 7 nm to 22 nm as the synthesis time extended. The sample synthesised for 1.5 hours showed the highest specific surface area, reaching 504 m²/g.

STUDY ON SELECTING THE OPTIMAL HUMECTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ORIGINAL "NEURONUCLEOS" CAPSULE FORMULATION

Maxsym S. Almakaiev — 2025-01-23

The influence of the composition and concentration of binders and other excipients on the physicochemical and pharmaco-technological properties of encapsulation masses, capsule quality indicators, and the "Dissolution" test was studied. The introduction of uridine-5-monophosphate disodium salt and cytidine-5-monophosphate disodium salt into the humectant solution was proposed to improve the uniformity of their distribution. The use of a solution of uridine-5-monophosphate disodium salt and cytidine-5-monophosphate disodium salt in purified water as a humectant was found to be irrational, as the resulting granulate lacked sufficient strength, was easily destroyed, and underwent significant wear. It was demonstrated that using a 10 % sorbitol solution with active pharmaceutical ingredients led to delamination of the encapsulation mass. The optimal humectant was identified as an aqueous solution containing active pharmaceutical ingredients and 5 % sorbitol. This formulation produced an encapsulation mass that was technologically suitable, exhibited good volumetric characteristics and fluidity, and had a satisfactory fractional composition. This revision improves clarity and maintains a professional tone while correcting grammar and stylistic issues.

STUDY OF THE PROTONATION OF 1, 2, 4-TRIAZOLE. DFT CALCULATIONS

Abdelahad El Addali — 2025-01-23

In this work, we study the reaction of 1,2,4-triazole with hydrochloric acid (HCl), leading to the formation of the protonated triazole (TAH⁺). We utilize density functional theory (DFT) calculations to gain insights into the structural analysis of optimized molecules for both neutral and protonated 1,2,4-triazole. Various reactivity descriptors, such as electron affinity, HOMO-LUMO energy gap, dipole moment, and Fukui indices, are analyzed for these compounds to identify nucleophilic regions where interactions with HCl may occur. Additionally, we examine their infrared (IR) and Raman spectra to highlight hydrogen bonding. The IR and Raman spectra of both neutral and protonated 1,2,4-triazole are specifically analyzed at the N2 and N4 sites. The objective is to determine the preferred site of protonation, particularly at nitrogen N4.

CHEMICAL METHODS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN SHIP BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT FOR MARITIME TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY

Oleksiy M. Melnyk — 2025-01-23

Invasive species introduced via ballast water continue to pose a serious environmental and economic problem worldwide. Although existing chemical treatment methods have been shown to be effective, their environmental and operational shortcomings remain a major challenge, especially due to toxic by-products and inconsistent effectiveness under different water conditions. This study presents an innovative integration of nanotechnology into ballast water treatment systems. Contrary to conventional approaches, the use of nanomaterials can increase pollutant sorption, minimize the use of chemicals, and reduce the formation of toxic residues. Utilizing advanced advances in nanotechnology, this research represents a paradigm shift in ballast water management, offering sustainable, efficient and regulatory compliant solutions. Thе paper describes the innovative use of specific nanomaterials in ballast water systems to simultaneously improve efficiency and reduce toxicity of byproducts. A mathematical model for predicting the effectiveness of nanomaterials under variable water conditions is developed and validated, addressing a critical gap in operational prediction. These methods align with global efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by reducing ecological risks associated with ballast water discharge and promoting cleaner maritime operations.

DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-FRIENDLY PACKAGING BASED ON BEES PRODUCTS AND PLANT EXTRACTS AND EVALUATION OF ITS ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL

Yulia V. Yudina — 2025-01-23

The aim of our research is to develop the environmentally friendly and reusable antimicrobial packaging based on the beeswax with antibacterial agents: propolis and sage extracts and evaluation of its storage abilities and antibacterial properties. During the experiment were used cotton fabrics, beeswax, propolis, sage leaves, emulsifiers and antioxidants were used as materials for the development of the packaging. Samples of beeswax wraps were produced using three technologies. The obtained samples were tested for food storage ability (for bread, cheese and sausages) and antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. auroginosa and C. albicans. Obtained wraps samples have been tested on a basic set of products available in every household: bakery products, hard cheeses and ready-made sausages. Beeswax wrapping prepared by all methods was found to be the best for cheese storage. Results of the experiment on the determination of the antimicrobial activity of beeswax wraps and antimicrobial agents against S. aureus, E. coli, P. аeruginosa, C. albicans have shown that sage extract has high activity against S. aureus and moderate activity against E. coly and P. аeruginosa. Propolis oily extract possess moderate activity against tested microorganisms and both extracts had low antifungal activity. Determination of the antimicrobial activity of beeswax wraps and antimicrobial agents against S. aureus, E. coli, P. аeruginosa, C. albicans have shown moderate and low activity against microorganisms and no antifungal activity. Summing up we could conclude that beeswax wraps can act as a promising packaging for a food products.

OLEOCHEMICAL PRODUCTS IN SYNTHESIS TECHNOLOGIES OF ECO-FRIENDLY POLYMERS

Oleh V. Chervakov — 2025-01-23

Promising directions of synthesis from renewable vegetable oil raw materials of monomeric and oligomeric oleochemical products are considered: modified triglycerides as ingredients of special-purpose polymer compositions; fatty alcohols, esters and amides of fatty acids as surfactants in detergents, cosmetics, paints, pharmaceuticals, as ecological fuel; polyols and hydroxyl-containing oligomers for the synthesis of polyurethane, polyesteramide, polyurethaneamide binders and coatings with anti-corrosion and antimicrobial properties. The synthesis routes of fatty acid amides, in particular hydroxyl-containing ones with a functionality of 2 or more, as starting compounds for promising polyesteramides are considered in detail. The strategy of synthesis from vegetable oils of saturated polyols with primary hydroxyl groups as promising components for environmentally friendly paint and varnish compositions is considered. Data on the synthesis and properties of polyurethaneamides, polyesteramides and metal-containing derivatives based on them are presented. For each product type an analysis was made of the state of development of a particular technology, as well as future prospects and existing barriers to their development. The possibility of using metal-containing polymers to create biodegradable materials and coatings with hydrophobic properties and antimicrobial activity was shown.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF RAW SMOKED DEER SAUSAGE

Lyudmyla V. Peshuk — 2025-01-23

Aim. The purpose of the study is to develop a technology for the production of new types of raw smoked sausages with the addition of venison meat and extracts of sage (Salvia officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and thyme (Thymus serpyllum). Methods. The work investigated the chemical composition of raw materials and finished products; optimized the recipe composition of raw smoked sausages; determined the physicochemical parameters of model sausage minced meat and finished products; a comprehensive assessment of the quality of the finished product was carried out according to microbiological, radiological and toxicological indicators; changes in the quality indicators of raw smoked sausages during storage were determined, the amino acid SCOR and biological value of the finished product were calculated. Subject of the study: technology for the production of raw smoked venison sausages with the addition of extracts of medicinal plants. Results. As a result of our work, we developed recipes for raw smoked sausages with 20 % game meat and extract of medicinal aromatic plants from sage (Salvia officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis), thyme (Thymus serpyllum). Comprehensive studies of the chemical and biochemical composition of plant raw materials were conducted; their influence on the technological parameters and microstructure of minced meat of raw smoked venison sausages, improvement of organoleptic properties, resistance to oxidative and microbial processes were revealed, which justifies the feasibility of using medicinal aromatic plants in the technology of production of raw smoked sausages. The antioxidant properties of thyme, sage and rosemary were studied. The quality and safety of new types of raw smoked venison sausages were proven based on their study of organoleptic, physicochemical, structural-mechanical and microbiological parameters. Conclusions. Finished products meet the standards for physicochemical, toxicological, radiological and microbiological indicators. The use of venison meat in combination with extracts of medicinal aromatic plants is a feasible and effective solution for creating high-quality delicatessen raw smoked sausages.

SYNTHESIS OF NEW CaO-MgO CATALYST FROM EGGSHELLS: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF CATALYST SIZE VARIATIONS ON BIODIESEL FORMATION YIELD

Sofia Laifaoui — 2025-01-23

This scientific research delves into the viability of synthesizing a novel heterogeneous catalyst, leveraging the synergistic combination of eggshell-derived calcium monoxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO). The study meticulously characterizes variously synthesized catalyst samples employing an array of sophisticated analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Through these analyses, the intricate relationship between size variations and the resultant properties of the catalysts is thoroughly elucidated, providing invaluable insights into their structural and morphological features. Subsequent to characterization, the catalysts are rigorously evaluated in the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. This pivotal phase of the investigation aims to discern the catalyst that exhibits the highest biodiesel yield. FTIR analysis identified 1100 °C as the optimal temperature for converting eggshell-derived CaCO₃ to CaO. XRD confirmed the formation of CaO and the desired CaO-MgO catalyst. SEM showed that catalyst morphology varies with size, while BET analysis indicated that surface area is influenced by these size changes. Biodiesel yield was found to be sensitive to catalyst size variations.

METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR DETERMINING THE BIOLOGICALITY OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LABELLING

Galyna Krusir — 2025-01-23

The study is devoted to identifying, highlighting and solving problems related to the biologicality of food products, which includes their quality, naturalness/organicity, safety and environmental friendliness for ecological labelling in modern food systems. The methodology of determining the biologicity of food products for ecological labelling and formation of food and crop safety monitoring system has been substantiated and developed. The complex safety indicators of the finished product were evaluated by the method of biotesting using the culture of Colpoda steinii infusoria and it was found that the content of toxic substances was insignificant in two samples. The complex indicators of naturalness/organicity of bakery products were studied by the crystallographic method, namely biocrystallisation. It was found that the biocrystallogram score of the test sample with the use of hop sourdough is 0.74 points, and the control sample is 0.49 points, indicating that the sample made with the use of hop sourdough has the highest value of naturalness/organicity according to the results of biocrystallisation. According to the expert assessment by the method of relevant tables, the life cycle of the studied bakery products received a score of 0.5 points, which characterises its environmental impact as moderate.

ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF FAST-FOOD PRODUCTS

Zhanna O. Petrova — 2025-01-23

Fast food has become an integral part of human life today. However, most of these products have a negative impact on the body due to a large number of chemical additives. That is why we have developed an innovative preparation of raw materials for drying and convective drying technology, which allows us to preserve more than 90% of vitamins and other biologically active substances in vegetables, fruits and berries without the presence of additional ones. The ingredients used to make fast food products such as soups, cereals and desserts. Our products contain vitamins, micro and macro elements, enzymes that increase their biological value and have functional properties (antioxidant, folate-containing, prebiotic and phytoestrogenic), normalise metabolism and enhance the body's defence functions. The aim of this work is to study the adsorption capabilities of fast-food products, which allow us to determine storage conditions and equilibrium humidity. Previously, we have studied the adsorption capabilities of plant powders as a component of fast food products, which showed their equilibrium moisture content and shelf life. We studied 2 puree soups and 2 porridge with milk. The studies were carried out using the Van Bamelen static method. The obtained kinetic curves and sorption isotherms show that instant foods are capillary-porous colloidal bodies and, having the same forms of moisture binding (adsorption, capillary and osmotic), at the same time, they differ significantly in equilibrium moisture content. It was found that the equilibrium moisture content of convenience foods is in the range of 7.5-9.2 %. This made it possible to avoid overdrying the ingredients and to create efficient storage conditions.

EFFECT OF POMELO [CITRUS MAXIMA (BURM.) MERR] ALBEDO POWDERS ON SOME QUALITY AND DIGESTIBLITY PROPERTIES OF PIZZA BASE

Le Quoc Nhat — 2025-01-23

Using fruit byproducts to partially replace wheat flour in pizza and baked goods is a growing trend. Pomelo albedo powders (PAP) containing 73.7 % of total digestible fiber were added to pizza dough at 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % (w/w). The study assessed changes in physico-chemical properties, structure, appearance, volume, color, and digestibility. Results show that adding appropriate PAP content maintained key properties of pizza base (PB) while increasing fiber content. Dough volume decreased with higher PAP, lowest at 20% and closest to control at 5 %. Water holding capacity rose with more PAP. Dough color darkened with increased PAP ratio. No significant effects on par-baked PB, but crust color varied. Higher PAP negatively impacted specific volume and increased mass loss. PAP disrupted hole structure, with denser areas at 15 % and solid appearance at 20 %. Higher PAP decreased digestibility, but up-to 15 % PAP was accepted sensory and provided viable fiber for pizza. These results indicated that 15 % PAP enriched into the pizza base is selected as the optimal level for pizza dough production.

MINI REVIEW OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN THE PRODUCTION OF PORTLAND CEMENT AND ITS CLINKERS

Sivamani S — 2025-01-23

There was a general agreement among nations to cut carbon dioxide emissions, and many have set goals to cut emissions by 30% to 35% from 2020 levels by 2030. Only the cement and concrete industries release as much as 7 percent of the world's total CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. The concrete as well as cement industries are fronting concerns about the usage of limestone of cement, designing concrete mixes with an ideal constituents of cement, and enhancing the durability of concrete to promote sustainability. Due to the many benefits of adding limestone to cement, several nations are currently focusing on developing Portland-limestone cement (PLC). Doing so would increase the total volume of cement while decreasing the quantity of clinker needed to generate a specific quantity of cement. A cement plant can save a lot of money, fuel, energy, and natural resources if it can get the clinker factor down. The most important chemical reaction in the process, alite formation, has been significantly improved as a result of technological advancements over the course of the last century. This improvement has been achieved by increasing the homogeneousness of the cement feed in addition to the clinker. By either depressing the reaction free energy of the intermediate compound belite and thereby inhibiting its formation or by depressing the reaction free energy of alite and thereby enhancing its formation, the thermodynamic processes provide a detailed account of this evolution. It is possible to specifically target these processes by adding effective mineralizers, such as fluoride, in a controlled manner. However, the presence of these mineralizers will always depend on the amounts of minor components that are present in the fuels and raw materials utilized. The most important benefit is that it makes it possible to incorporate additional cementitious materials into composite cements without compromising the performance of the cement itself. Because of this, it is possible to produce more clinker while consuming less fuel. This visual review summarizes the pros and cons of using limestone in cement, advancement of Portland cement production as well as its clinker. The impact of limestone on cement's physiochemical characteristics and the role of PLC research in promoting a green economy are briefly reviewed.

INFLUENCE OF THE DRYING PROCESS OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE BY CRYOSUBLIMATION FRACTIONATION ON INULIN CONTENT

Victoria V. Evlach — 2025-01-23

The main methods of commercial drying of vegetable raw materials are reviewed, their advantages and shortcomings are described. A new method of drying Jerusalem artichoke using cryosublimation fractionation has been proposed, the peculiarity of which is the ability to extract not only the dry fraction of the product, but also the extraction of steam evaporated from the product as a liquid fraction. An experimental study of the drying process of the chopped Jerusalem artichoke was carried out. The technological features of the drying process of cryosublimation fractionation have been analyzed. It was established that the obtained Jerusalem artichoke powder has high organoleptic characteristics, its moisture content is no more than 4.0 ± 0.1 %. It was determined that 0.9 % of the initial amount of inulin in Jerusalem artichoke tubers passes into the liquid fraction. It has been shown that cryosublimation fractionation makes it possible to obtain biologically active substances or mixtures of substances of higher purity.

SPLINE MODEL OPTIMIZATION OF THE BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF OBTAINING SOURDOUGH FOR BAKERY NEEDS USING FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

Iryna М. Korniienko — 2025-01-23

Aim. An improved biotechnology for producing bread sourdough was developed based on pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria and functional components – hydrated flax and milk thistle seeds, lactulose prebiotic, and ethanol extract of propolis. Methods. To assess the qua lity of the bread sourdough standard physicochemical methods (titrated acidity, dough ball rising power) and microbiological methods (viable cell count of lactic acid bacteria) were used at fermentation temperatures of the flour component 22 °C and 40 °C, respectively. Results. A spline model was developed to optimize the process, specifying the optimal content of the added functional components in the bread sourdough formulation. Therefore, it is recommended to add prebiotic components to the sourdough – lactulose (4 %), hydrated flax and milk thistle seeds (4.4 %), and ethanol extract of propolis (no more than 1 %) — to increase the titer of lactic acid bacteria, reduce fermentation time, regulate the acid accumulation process (no more than 14°T), and improve the fermentation processes. The fermentation temperature of 40 °C leads to the thinning of the sourdough, an increase in titrated acidity, and a deterioration in the quality indicators of the fermentation process, such as the dough ball rising power, which should not exceed 25 minutes. While analysed samples with the addition of functional components have a stable pasty consistency with an acidity 10–14°T and a dough ball rising power of no more than 25 minutes. Conclusions. The mathematical processing of the experimental data allowed to determine the minimum fermentation time of the flour component, which ranges from 66 hours 27 minutes to 72 hours 40 minutes. Additionally, the results of the research prove that the inclusion of functional components in the bread sourdough significantly increases the number of lactic acid bacteria, intensifying the fermentation process and improving the quality of bread products.

INTENSIFICATION OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF FRUIT JUICE CLARIFICATION BY THE PEO and GPAA FLOCCULANTS

Iryna V. Perkun — 2025-01-23

Based on the conducted research, an innovative method of fruit juice processing is proposed, which consists of using hydrodynamically activated polymeric flocculants polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydrolysed polyacrylamide (GPAA). The mechanism of hydrodynamic control of the flocculation capacity of flocculant molecules was set up and its understanding allowed to intensify the technological process of fruit juice clarification significantly. Effective devices that allow, under conditions of convergent flow and in an oscillating hydrodynamic field, to dramatically increase the intensity of the technological process of clarification of colloidal dispersed systems, which is undoubtedly of both scientific and practical importance in solving problems of food technology and engineering ecology have been investigated. It has been proved that PEO and GPAA flocculants activated in an oscillating hydrodynamic field are promising reagents for the purification of fruit juices, for example, apple juice, due to the reduction of the content of such hazardous elements as heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel) in the juice.

ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STABILIZATION TREATMENT FOR WATER OF VARIOUS MINERALIZATION

Vadym M. Fedin — 2025-01-23

The work conducted and described investigates the impact of the antiscalant RT-2024-3 on the efficiency of water stabilization treatment. The research investigated the influence of antiscalant dosage and initial water hardness on stabilization and antiscaling effects. The stabilization effect ranges from 76.7 % to 80.0 %, while the antiscaling effect is between 97.40 % and 99.33 % at antiscalant doses of 20–30 mg/dm³ for treating water with a hardness of 4.5–5.0 mg-eq/ dm³. When the water hardness increased to 7.3 mg-eq/dm³, at antiscalant doses of 25–30 mg/dm³, a stabilization effect of 60 % and an antiscaling effect of 89 % were achieved. To obtain satisfactory results with higher hardness, the dosage should be increased to more than 30 mg/dm³. The study emphasizes the importance of considering the initial water parameters to select the optimal stabilization treatment regime, ensuring the economic and technological efficiency of the process. The findings can be beneficial for industrial and municipal water treatment systems operating with water of varying compositions.

DEVELOPMENT OF DYEING TECHNOLOGY AND CREATION OF A BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL SCHEME FOR THE PROCESS OF REUSING CONCENTRATED WASTEWATER (ON THE EXAMPLE, REDUCING THE CONSUMPTION OF DIRECT YELLOW LIGHTFAST DYE K)

Myroslava G. Koval — 2025-01-23

The development of wastewater reuse technology in fabric dyeing is a topical issue. This will minimise the use of water and expensive dyes, reduce the cost of finished products and the environmental impact. Concentrated wastewater from batch dyeing equipment contains up to 50% of textile dyes, so it can be reused as a secondary material resource in fabric dyeing technology. Рresents the results of studies of the efficiency of dyeing cotton fabrics with Direct Yellow Lightfast K dye with the reuse of concentrated wastewater: dye intensity 95–96 % compared to the standard (100 %), colour difference between the reference and test samples DE < 2, the lightness and shade indicators samples have a difference of ± 2, qualitative indicators of colour fastness are 3–4 points according to the «Grey Standard Scale. This results prove the effectiveness of dyeing cotton fabrics with Direct Yellow Lightfast K dye with the reuse of concentrated wastewater. A schematic diagram of cotton fabric dyeing technology was created. A technology for dyeing fabrics with the reuse of concentrated wastewater in the process of dyeing fabrics with direct dyes has been developed, with an average of 11 % savings in direct dye consumption per 1200 m of fabric. The dyeing according to this scheme has been tested at Private Joint Stock Company Cherkasy Silk Plant (Cherkasy, Ukraine). The spectrophotometric method was used in the course of the work; the durability of the staining was determined in accordance with the current state standards of Ukraine and international ISO standards; the Python programming language, Mathplotlib and Seaborn visualisation libraries were used to visualise the experimental data.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATION OF FERRITE COPPER-ZINC NANOCOMPOSITE FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FROM HEAVY METAL IONS

Vita V. Datsenko — 2025-01-23

The relevance of the work is related to the solution of environmental problems arising from the increase in the amount of industrial wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. The aim of the work was to substantiate and determine the effectiveness of functional materials for water purification from heavy metal ions. The possibility of obtaining copper-zinc ferrite materials from sulfate copper-zinc electrolyte by co-precipitation at the ratio of initial molar concentrations of components ∑(Cu²⁺ + Zn²⁺) : Fe³⁺ = 1 : 1. The main stages of obtaining copper-zinc ferrite materials are determined: mixing the spent sulphate copper-zinc solution with crystalline Fe(III) salt; formation of metal hydroxides; introduction of Na₂SO₃ reagent to form γ-Fe₂O₃; bubbling with air oxygen; separation of the obtained ferrites from the eluate and their washing; determination of the composition of the obtained ferrites. The composition and physicochemical properties of the obtained ferrite composite were investigated. It is proved that the presence of ferrite phases in the form of spinel with the general formula Fe_xZn_yCu_zO₄ and a complex developed surface texture of the nanocomposite can characterise their effective sorption properties. The efficiency of sorption properties of ferrite composites has been proved, which determine the rapid kinetics and a sharp decrease in the concentration of Cu(II) ions over time at different mass ratios of ferrite composites and Cu(II) ions in solution (n) and sorption in a stationary mode. Using curve approximation and CurveExpert Professional data analysis, a mathematical model was proposed that allows calculating the sorption exchange capacity, which characterises the degree of sorbent depletion, at any concentration of Cu(II) ions in solution.