VARIATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MEDICINAL HERBS OF DIFFERENT PRODUCERS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15421/091909Keywords:
Hypericum perforatum, herb, St. John's wort, elemental composition, hypericin, rutin, hyperoside, atomic absorption spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatographyAbstract
The paper goal was to measure the content of bioactive substances, such as hypericins, some flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, and concentrations of chemical elements, including essential macro- (K, Mg and Na), microelements (Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni and Co), as well as toxic metals (Pb and Cd), in samples of St. John's wort herbs of four different producers. High-performance liquid chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used; sample preparation was based on the procedures described in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Significant variation in the content of organic compounds was detected: The difference between the maximum and minimum concentrations reaches a factor of 5 for hypericins, 10 for rutin and 2 for hyperoside. The concentration of quercetin was more stable than those of other flavonoids, and its fluctuations did not exceed 30%. The measured concentrations of hypericin and hyperoside, which are regulated by the Pharmacopoeia, were found to be lower than the norms. Elemental composition is also characterised by variability. Changes in the concentration of essential macroelements (K, Mg and Na) and some of the microelements (Zn, Cu and Ni) do not exceed 30-40%. The concentration of other essential microelements (Fe, Mn, Co and Cr) varies in much wider limits - from a factor of 2 (Mn) to 6 (Fe). In most cases, the measured concentrations of Pb and Cd fluctuate in the ranges of 0.15-0.25 μg/g and 0.25-0.35 μg/, respectively. However, some samples are enriched to 0.7-0.75 μg/g with both toxic metals. The measured concentrations are lower than the WHO norm for Pb (10 μg/g) in all samples and exceed the norm for Cd (0.3 μg/g) in three out of four studied samples. Statistically significant positive or negative correlations were found between the concentrations of certain elements (K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cd) and the content of organic substances (rutin, hyperoside, hypericin and rosemary and chlorogenic acids). From a practical viewpoint, the most important are positive correlations of Fe with rutin, as well as negative correlations between Mn and hyperosid, and Cd and chlorogenic acid. Existing requirements and norms for medicinal plants in Ukraine do not guarantee the stability of the chemical composition of plants that are sold in the pharmacy network and, accordingly, the stability of their therapeutic properties.References
Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., Phillipson, J. D. (2001). St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. J Pharm Pharmacol, 53(5), 583–600.
https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011775910
Bridi, H., de Carvalho Meirelles, G., Lino von Poser, G. (2018). Structural diversity and biological activities of phloroglucinol derivatives from Hypericum species. Phytochem, 155, 203–232.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.002.
Butterweck, V., Schmidt, M. (2007). St. John’s wort: Role of active compounds for its mechanism of action and efficacy. Wien Med Wochenschr, 157(13–14), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-007-0440-8
Wölfle, U., Seellinger, G., Schempp, C.M. (2014). Topical Application of St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). Planta Med, 80(2), 109–120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1351019
Apaydin, E. A., Maher, A. R., Shanman, R., Booth, M. S., Miles, J. N. V., Sorbero, M. E., Hempel, S. (2016). A systematic review of St. John’s wort for major depressive disorder. Syst Rev, 5, 148–173.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2
De C. Brito, L., Rangel Berenger, A.L., Figueiredo, M. R. (2017). An overview of anticancer activity of Garcinia and Hypericum. Food Chem Toxicol, 109(2), 847–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.053
Symonowicz, M, Kolanek, M. (2012). Flavonoids and their properties to form chelate complexes. Biotechnol Food Sci, 76(1), 35–41.
Brunetti, C., Di Ferdinando, M., Fini, A., Pollastri, S., Tattini, M. (2013). Flavonoids as Antioxidants and Developmental Regulators: Relative Significance in Plants and Humans. Int J Mol Sci, 14(2), 3540–3555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14023540
Kasprzak, M. M., Erxleben, A., Ochocki, J. (2015). Properties and applications of flavonoid metal complexes. RSC Adv, 5, 45853–45877.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA05069C
Afanas'eva, I. B., Ostrakhovitch, E. A., Mikhal'chik, E. V., Ibragimova, G. A., Korkina, L.G. (2001). Enhancement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of bioflavonoid rutin by complexation with transition metals. Biochem Pharmacol, 61(6), 677–684.
Kuntic, V., Filipovic, I., Vujic, Z. (2011). Effects of Rutin and Hesperidin and their Al(III) and Cu(II) Complexes on in Vitro Plasma Coagulation Assays. Molecules, 16(2), 1378–1388. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16021378
Cho, A.-S., Jeon, S.-M., Kim, M.-J., Yeo, J., Seo, K.-I., Choi, M.-S., Lee, M.-K. (2010). Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 48(3), 937–943.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.003
Rajendra Prasad, N., Karthikeyan, A., Karthikeyan, S., Reddy, B.V. (2011). Inhibitory effect of caffeic acid on cancer cell proliferation by oxidative mechanism in human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line. Mol Cell Biochem, 349(1–2), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-010-0655-7.
Baula, O.P., Derkach, T.M. (2017). [Quality assurance of herbal medicinal products: status and prospects]. Farmatsevtychnyi chasopys – Pharmaceutical Review, 2, 79–86 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2017.2.7816
Booker, A., Agapouda, A., Frommenwiler, D.A., Scotti, F., Reich, E., Heinrich, M. (2018). St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) products – an assessment of their authenticity and quality. Phytomedicine, 40, 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.12.012.
Choudhary, N., Singh Sekhon, B. (2011). An overview of advances in the standardization of herbal drugs. J. Pharm Educ. Res., 2(2), 55–70.
Kaushik, D., Pandey, M.K., Sharma, A. (2014). Current issues in Authentication and Quality control of Natural Products. Res. Plant. Biol., 4(5), 57–64.
Derkach, T., Baula, O. (2017) Pharmacopoeia Methods for Elemental Analysis of Medicines: a Comparative Study. Bull Dnipropetrovsk Univ. Ser. Chem., 25(2), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.15421/081711.
Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for Quality of Medicines. [State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine]. 2nd ed., Vol. 1. Kharkiv: Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for Quality of Medicines; 2015. (in Ukrainian).
Hudzenko, A.V. [Investigation of marker substances for the development of methods for quality control of medicinal plants, their mixtures and polycomponent phytopreparations]. Kyiv: DU «Institut farmakolohii ta toksykolohii NAMN Ukrainy», 2014. (in Ukrainian).
Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for Quality of Medicines. [State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine]. 2nd ed., Vol. 3. Kharkiv: Ukrainian Scientific Pharmacopoeial Center for Quality of Medicines; 2014. (in Ukrainian).
Derkach, T.M., Khomenko, V.G. (2018). Essential and Toxic Microelements in the Medicinal Remedy Hyperichi herba by Different Producers. Res. J. Pharm. Technol., 11(2), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2018.00086.0
Derkach, T., Khomenko, V. (2018). Elemental Composition of the Medicinal Plants Hypericum perforatum, Urtica dioica and Matricaria chamomilla Grown in Ukraine: A Comparative Study. Pharmacogn J, 10(3), 486–491. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj. 2018.3.80
Elgin Cebe, G., Söğüt, Ö. (2018). Calcium and Magnesium Contents in Three Hypericum L. Species from Turkey. J. Med. Food, 21(8), 819–822.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2017.0117
Owen, J., Kirton, S. B., Evans, S. J., Stair, J. (2016). Elemental fingerprinting of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) herb and preparations using ICP-OES and chemometrics. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 125, 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.054
Fischer, A., Brodziak-Dopierała, B., Loska, K., Stojko, J. (2017). The Assessment of Toxic Metals in Plants Used in Cosmetics and Cosmetology. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 14, 1280–1292.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101280
Cirak, C., Radusiene, J., Ivanauskas, L., Jakstas, V., Çamas, N. (2014). Changes in the content of bioactive substances among Hypericum montbretii populations from Turkey. Rev Bras Farmacogn, 24(1), 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-695X20142413352
Kwiecien, I, Smolin, J, Beerhues, L, Ekiert, H. (2018). The impact of media composition on production of flavonoids in agitated shoot cultures of the three Hypericum perforatum L. cultivars ‘Elixir,’ ‘Helos,’ and ‘Topas’. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant, 54, 332–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-018-9900-7
Rusalepp, L., Raal, A., Püssa, T., Mäeorg, U. (2017). Comparison of chemical composition of Hypericum perforatum and H. maculatum in Estonia. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 73, 41–46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2017.06.004
Ge, L., Yao, Y.-Y., Kang, T.-L., Li, J.-Y., He, H.-J., Yang, D.-L., Li, M.-F. (2017). Antioxidant capacity, bioactive compounds, and volatile constituents of flowers of Hypericum perforatum at different harvest stages. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 26(9), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.11686/cyxb2016484
Ionescu, E., Iordache, T.V., Tebrencu, C.E., Cretu, R.M., Florea, A.M., Radu, A.L., Zaharia, A., Sarbu, A. (2018). Evaluating the content of active principles from wild hypericum perforatum l. in various harvesting seasons. Revista de Chimie, 69(7), 1892–1897.
Bagdonaitė, E., Mártonfi, P., Repčák, M., Labokas, J. (2012). Variation in concentrations of major bioactive compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. from Lithuania. Ind. Crops. Prod., 35(1), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.07.018.
Odabas, M.S., Radusiene, J., Camas, N., Janulis, V., Ivanauskas, L., Cirak, C. (2009). The quantitative effects of temperature and light intensity on hyperforin and hypericins accumulation in Hypericum perforatum L. J. Med. Plant. Res., 3(7), 519–525.
Kladar, N., Srđenović, B., Grujić, N., Rat, M., Gavarić, N., Anačkov, G., Božin, B. (2015). St. John's Wort (Hypericum Spp.) – Relation between the biological source and medical properties. In: H. R. Davis (Ed.), Hypericum: Botanical Sources, Medical Properties and Health Effects (pp. 53–80) New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Booker, A., Heinrich, M. (2016). Value Chains of Botanicals and Herbal Medicinal Products: A European Perspective. Herbal Gram., 112, 40–45.
Ghosh, D. (2018). Quality issues of herbal medicines: internal and external factors. Int J Complement Alt Med, 11(1), 67‒69.
https://doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2018.11.00350
Barry, A. R. (2018). Patients’ perceptions and use of natural health products. Can. Pharm. J. (Ott), 151(4), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163518779409
Derkach, T. M., Strashnyi, V. V., Starikova, O. O., Lysenko, S. M. (2018). [Content of bioactive substances and elemental composition of Saint John’s wort herbs of different producers]. Farmatsevtychnyi chasopys – Pharmaceutical Review, 4, 17–25 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2018.4.9576
WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. WHO Press: Geneva, Switzerland, 2007.
Owen, J.D. (2013). Investigation of the Elemental Profiles of Hypericum perforatum as used in herbal remedies. PhD thesis. University of Hertfordshire, UK. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/29840202.pdf
Murch, S. J., Haq, K., Rupasinghe, H. P. V., Saxena, P. K. (2002). Nickel contamination affects growth and secondary metabolitecomposition of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Environ Exp Botany, 49, 251-257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00090-4
Tirillini, B., Ricci, A., Pintore, G., Chessa, M., Sighinolfi, S. (2006). Induction of hypericins in Hypericum perforatum in response to chromium. Fitoterapia, 77(3), 164–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2006.01.011
de Souza, R. F. V., De Giovani, W. F. (2004). Antioxidant properties of complexes of flavonoids with metal ions. Redox Report, 9(2), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1179/135100004225003897
Xu, D., Hu, M. J., Wang, Y. Q., Cui, Y. L. (2019). Antioxidant Activities of Quercetin and Its Complexes for Medicinal Application. Molecules, 24(6), 1123-1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061123.
Bravo, A., Anacona, J. R. (2001). Metal complexes of the flavonoid quercetin: antibacterial properties. Transit. Met. Chem., 26(1), 20-23.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Oles Honchar Dnipro National University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
- Authors reserve the right of attribution for the submitted manuscript, while transferring to the Journal the right to publish the article under the Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows free distribution of the published work under the condition of proper attribution of the original authors and the initial publication source (i.e. the Journal)
- Authors have the right to enter into separate agreements for additional non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form it was published in the Journal (such as publishing the article on the institutional website or as a part of a monograph), provided the original publication in this Journal is properly referenced
- The Journal allows and encourages online publication of the manuscripts (such as on personal web pages), even when such a manuscript is still under editorial consideration, since it allows for a productive scientific discussion and better citation dynamics (see The Effect of Open Access).
