THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF EMISSION FROM SPACE LAUNCHES: THE PROMISING PROPELLANTS COMPONENTS SELECTION

Authors

  • Olena S. Kositsyna Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Ukraine
  • Mykola M. Dron' Oles Honchar Dnipro National University,
  • Vitaly V. Yemets Oles Honchar Dnipro National University,

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15421/082020

Keywords:

environmental impact, space launch, ammonium-perchlorate-based propellants, propellants combustion emission, energetic materials

Abstract

With the increasing accessibility of commercial space flight, the environmental impacts of space launches will become increasingly significant in the coming years. An increasing of space launches has brought the issue of pollution by chlorine-containing combustion products of modern ammonium-perchlorate-based propellants into focus. Here, a review is presented of the environmental impact assessment of solid rocket motor exhaust obtained due to main composite propellants components combustion.

This review highlights the need for further study of the cumulative impacts that frequent space launches have on all areas of the environment, including global climate, ecosystem toxicity, and human toxicity, and with consideration given to all commonly used propellants, to ensure that the impacts are well characterized and well understood before the number of launches greatly increases.

Research and development efforts made in the direction of high energy material technology have brought an array of new materials into prominence.

The new materials, having minimum emissions and significant improvements of the impulse, are under investigation for their use in propellants formulations.

The paper is addressed to the discussion of the technical, process and safety concerns arisen from the use of new ingredients for solid propellant.

Author Biographies

Olena S. Kositsyna, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of High-molecular compounds, Associate Professor

Mykola M. Dron', Oles Honchar Dnipro National University

Professor at the Department of Designing and Construction of Aircrafts

 

Vitaly V. Yemets, Oles Honchar Dnipro National University

Professor at the Department of Technology of Aircraft Manufacturing

References

Matveev, Yu. A., Pozin, A. A., Yunak, A. I. (2005). [Prediction and management of environmental safety in the implementation of complex technical projects] Moscow, Russian Federation: MAI (in Russian).

Kumar, P. (2018). An overview on properties, thermal decomposition, and combustion of AND and AND based solid propellants. Def. Technol., 14(6), 661-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2018.03.009

Dron’, M., Golubek, O., Dubovik, L., Dreus, A., Heti, K. (2019). Analysis of ballistic aspects in the combined method for removing space objects from the nearearth orbits. East.-Eur. J. Enterp. Technol., 2 (98). – P. 49-54. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.161778

Dron’, M., Khorolskiy, P., Dubovik, L., Khitko, A., Velikiy I. (2012). Estimation of Capacity of Debris Collector with Electric Propulsion System Creation Taking in a Count Energy Response of the Existing Launch Vehicles. Prog. of 63-th International Astronautical Congress, 1-5 October, 2012, Naples, Italy, 2694–2698. https://iafastro.directory/iac/archive/browse/IAC-12/A6/5/13351/

Dron, M., Dreus, A., Golubek, A., Abramovsky, Y. (2018). Investigation of aerodynamics heating of space debris object at reentry to earth atmosphere. 16th IAA Symposium on space debris, Bremen. IAC-18,A6,IP,39,×43826, 7. https://iafastro.directory/iac/archive/browse/IAC-18/A6/IP/43826/

Dron’, N. M., Khorolskiy, P. G., Dubovik, L. G. (2014). [Ways to reduce technogenic pollution of near-Earth space]. Naukovyj Visnyk Nacionaljnogo universytetu, 3 (141), 125-130 (in Russian). http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Nvngu_2014_3_21

Blyznychenko, V. V., Dzhur, Je. O., Krasnikova, R. D., Kuchma, L.D., Lynnyk, A.K. (2007). [Design and construction of the boosters]. In S.M. Konjukhov (Ed.). Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine: DNU (in Ukrainian).

Trache, D., Klapötke, T. M., Maiz, L., Abd-Elghany, M., DeLuca, L. T. (2017). Recent advances in new oxidizers for solid rocket propulsion. Green Chem., 19, 4711-4736. DOI: 10.1039/c7gc01928a

Yan, Q., Zhao, F., Kuo, K., Zhang, X., Zeman, S., DeLuca, L. T. (2016). Catalytic effects of nano additives on decomposition and combustion of RDX-, HMX-, and AP-based energetic compositions. Prog. in Energy and Combustion Science, 57, 75-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2016.08.002

Chaturvedi, S., Dave, P.D. (2019). Solid propellants: AP/HTPB composite propellants. Arabian J. Chem., 12(8), 2061-2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.12.033

Hwang, K., Mun, H., Jung, J., Cho, H., Kim, S., Min, B., Jeon, H., Kim, W. (2019). Nitramine-Group-Containing Energetic Propolymer: Synthesis, and Its Properties as a Binder for Propellant. Polymers, 11, 1966. doi:10.3390/polym11121966

Frem, D. A. (2018). Reliable Method for Predicting the Specific Impulse of Chemical Propellants. J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag., 10, e3318. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v10.945

Kumar, P., Varshney, M., Manash, M. Combustion performance studies of aluminum and boron based composite solid propellants in sub-atmospheric pressure regimes. Propulsion and Power Research, 8(4), 329-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jppr.2019.09.001

Kubota, N. (2015). Propellants and Explosives: Thermochemical Aspects of Combustion. 3rd ed. Weinheim. WILLEY-VCH. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Propellants+and+Explosives%3A+Thermochemical+Aspects+of+Combustion%2C+3rd+Edition-p-9783527331789

USACHPPM. (2007). Wildlife Toxicity Assessment for Perchlorate. U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) Project Number 87-MA02T6-05D, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/perchlorate/Perchlorate-wildlife-toxicity.pdf

Jacobs, P.W.M., Whitehead, H.M. (1969). Decomposition and combustion of ammonium perchlorate. Chem. Rev. 69(4), 551-590. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60260a005

Tanaka, M., Beckstead, M. W. (1996). A Three-Phase Combustion Model of Ammonium Perchlorate. 32nd AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference, Reston, VA, AIAA 96-2888. https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1996-2888

Vara, J. A., Dave, P. N., Ram, V. R. (2019). Nanomaterials as modifier for composite solid propellants. Nano-Struct. Nano-Objects, 20, 100372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100372

Abd-Elghany, M., Klapötke, T. M., Elbeih, A. (2018). Environmentally safe (chlorine-free): new green propellant formulation based on 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-formate and HTPB. RSC Adv., 8, 11771. DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01515e

Boldyrev, V.V. (2006). Thermal decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate. Thermochim. Acta, 443(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2005.11.038

Beck, W. H. (1987). Pyrolysis studies of polymeric materials used as binders in composite propellants: a review. Combust. Flame, 70(2), 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(87)90077-0

Chen, J. K., Brill, T. B. (1991). Chemistry and kinetics of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and diisocyanate-HTPB polymers during slow decomposition and combustion-like conditions. Combust. Flame, 87, 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(91)90109-O

Guanyu Xu, Wen Ao, Bingning Jin, Peijin Liu. (2019). Flame Dynamics of AP/HTPB Composite Propellant in Unsteady Rocket Motor Based on Multilayer Sandwich Model. J. Aerosp. Eng., 32(5), 05019001. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001054

Dennis, C., Bojko, B. (2019). On the combustion of heterogeneous AP/HTPB composite propellants: A review. Fuel, 254, 115646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115646

Radhakrishnan, T.S., Rao, M. Rama. (1981). Thermal decomposition pf polybutadienes by pyrolysis gas chromatography. J. Polymer Sci., 19(12), 3197–3208. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1981.170191214

NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. (2017). https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=704

Wang, Y., Liu, L., Xiao, L., Wang, Z. (2014). Thermal decomposition of HTPB/AP and HTPB/HMX mixtures with low content of oxidizer. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 119(3), 1673-1678. DOI 10.1007/s10973-014-4324-z

Yemets, V., Harkness, P., Dron’, M., Pashkov, A., Worrall, K., Middleton, M. (2018). Autophage Engines: Toward a Throttleable Solid Motor. J. Spacecr. Rockets, 55(4), 984–992. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A34153

Yemets, V., Dron’, M., Yemets, T., Kostritsyn, O. (2015). The Infinite Staging Rocket – A Progress to Realization. 66-th International Astronautics Congress, Jerusalem, Israel, 12 – 16 October 2015. IAC-15, D2,7,7,×28649 – 7. https://iafastro.directory/iac/archive/browse/IAC-15/D2/7/28649/

Yemets, M., Yemets, V., Harkness, P., Dron’, M., Worall, K., Pashkov, A., Kostrytsyn, O., Yemets, T. (2018). Caseless throttleable solid motor for small spacecraft. 69th International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, 01-05 October 2018, IAC-18-C4.8-B4.5A,13,×48017,10. https://iafastro.directory/iac/paper/id/48017/summary

Yemets, V., Dron’, M., Pashkov, A. (2020). Autophage Engines: Method to Present Gravity Load of Solid Rockets. J. Spacecr. Rockets, 57(2), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.A34597

Yemets, V.V., Dron’, M. M., Kositsyna, O. S. (2019). Estimation of the possibilities for using the solid hydrocarbon fuels in autophage launch vehicle. Journal of Chemistry and Technologies, 27(1), 58-64. doi: 10.15421/081906

Gascoin, N., Gillard, P., Mangeot, A., Navarro-Rodriguez, A. (2011). Detailed kinetic computations and experiments for the choice of a fuel-oxidizer couple for hybrid propulsion. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.002. hal-00649386f https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00649386/document

Downloads

Published

2020-10-13

Issue

Vol. 28 No. 2 (2020): Journal of Chemistry and Technologies

Section

Chemical Technology

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Днипровский национальный университет имени Олеся Гончара

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

  1. Authors reserve the right of attribution for the submitted manuscript, while transferring to the Journal the right to publish the article under the Creative Commons Attribution License. This license allows free distribution of the published work under the condition of proper attribution of the original authors and the initial publication source (i.e. the Journal)
  2. Authors have the right to enter into separate agreements for additional non-exclusive distribution of the work in the form it was published in the Journal (such as publishing the article on the institutional website or as a part of a monograph), provided the original publication in this Journal is properly referenced
  3. The Journal allows and encourages online publication of the manuscripts (such as on personal web pages), even when such a manuscript is still under editorial consideration, since it allows for a productive scientific discussion and better citation dynamics (see The Effect of Open Access).