FLAME-RETARDANT BEHAVIOR OF UREA–METAPHOSPHORIC ACID COMPLEXES ON CELLULOSE-BASED MATERIALS

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15421/jchemtech.v33i4.336986

Keywords:

urea metaphosphate, IR spectroscopy, XRD analysis, flame-retardant properties, phosphate complexes, cellulose materials

Abstract

In this study, novel urea metaphosphate complexes were synthesized at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 molar ratios using urea and metaphosphoric acid to obtain mono-, di-, and trimetaphosphate derivatives (UMP, UDP, and UTP). The synthesized compounds were comprehensively characterized through FTIR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and elemental analysis, confirming their structural frameworks, protonation levels, and compositional features. Crystallographic analysis revealed distinct variations in unit-cell symmetry and packing as the phosphate chain length increased, indicating the formation of progressively more complex hydrogen-bonding networks. The flame-retardant performance of the complexes was examined using treated cellulose-based substrates, including paper, cardboard, and cotton fabric, in accordance with GOST R 50810-95 and GOST 12.1.004-91 standards. Experimental results demonstrated a clear enhancement in flame-retardant efficiency with increasing phosphate content, with UTP exhibiting the highest thermal stability and char-forming capability. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of urea metaphosphate complexes as multifunctional materials with promising applications in both agrochemistry and fire-protection technologies.

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Published

2025-12-25

Issue

Vol. 33 No. 4 (2025): Journal of Chemistry and Technologies

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Chemical Technology

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